A Comprehensive Review on the Occurrence, Toxicity, and Microbial Degradation of Pharmaceutical Compounds in Industrial Waste

Authors

Bindra Gupta Research Scholar Jaipur National University, Rajasthan, India Author

Keywords:

Pharmaceutical compounds , biodegradation , ibuprofen , emerging contaminants , wastewater treatment , toxicity assessment

Abstract

Pharmaceutical compounds (PCs) have emerged as significant environmental contaminants due to their widespread use, persistence, and potential adverse effects on ecosystems and human health. These compounds enter the environment through various pathways, including wastewater treatment plant effluents, improper disposal, and agricultural practices. Despite their therapeutic benefits, PCs pose substantial ecological risks, exhibiting toxic effects across multiple trophic levels. This review comprehensively examines the classification, characteristics, and environmental occurrence of pharmaceutical compounds, with particular emphasis on non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen. The toxicological impacts on bacteria, algae, invertebrates, and vertebrates are discussed, highlighting the need for effective removal strategies. Biodegradation, particularly by bacteria, fungi, and algae, presents a promising and environmentally friendly approach for pharmaceutical removal. Process optimization using experimental design methodologies, including the Taguchi approach, offers opportunities to enhance degradation efficiency. Advanced analytical techniques for monitoring pharmaceutical degradation are also reviewed. This synthesis of current knowledge provides a foundation for developing sustainable strategies to mitigate pharmaceutical pollution in industrial waste.

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A Comprehensive Review on the Occurrence, Toxicity, and Microbial Degradation of Pharmaceutical Compounds in Industrial Waste. (2026). Advances in Science, Engineering and Society, 1(1), 1-18. https://nkpublishers.com/index.php/nk/article/view/1

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